{"id":97717,"date":"2023-04-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-11T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/politicsuk.wpengine.com\/reference\/housing-benefit\/"},"modified":"2023-04-14T15:36:41","modified_gmt":"2023-04-14T14:36:41","slug":"housing-benefit","status":"publish","type":[5754,5604],"link":"https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/reference\/housing-benefit\/","title":{"rendered":"Housing benefit"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 data-slate-node=\"element\"><strong>What is h<span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">ousing<\/span> b<span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">enefit<\/span>?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> is a social security welfare scheme established to help people pay their <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">rent<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">It is sometimes referred to as <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Rent<\/span> Allowance or <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Rent<\/span> Rebate.\u00a0The scheme is only open to people living in rented accommodation, including <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">council<\/span> and social <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span>, and those on low incomes. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">As of 2013, <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> has been administered under the umbrella of Universal Credit. Announced by the Coalition Government in 2010, Universal Credit was designed to simplify and combine six different benefits for working-aged people with low household incomes: <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">income<\/span>-based Employment and <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Support<\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\"> Allowance<\/span>, <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">income<\/span>-based <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Jobseeker&#8217;s Allowance<\/span>, <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Income<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Support<\/span>, Child Tax Credit, Working Tax Credit, and <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Benefit<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">Under the new Universal Credit allowance, an appropriate amount of <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> is allocated to help meet the costs of household <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">rent<\/span> or mortgage interest. Payments are made once a month into the claimant&#8217;s bank or building society account. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">Under some circumstances (such as <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">rent<\/span><\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"> arrears<\/span>) the claimant or <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">landlord<\/span> may apply for an Alternative <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Payment<\/span> Arrangement (APA), which allows the <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> component to be paid directly to the <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">landlord<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">With the emergence of the universal credit system, people can now only make a <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">new claim<\/span> for <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Benefit<\/span> if they have reached <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">state <\/span><\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">pension age<\/span><\/span>, are receiving a <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">severe disability premium<\/span>, or are in supported, sheltered or <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">temporary accommodation<\/span> (for example a bed and breakfast, or a refuge).<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\">For private tenants, the maximum Housing Benefit entitlement is based on the Local Housing Allowance (LHA) rate appropriate to a person&#8217;s circumstances and level of the broad market rents in a particular local area.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_100836\" style=\"width: 734px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-100836\" class=\"wp-image-100836 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/06\/Housing-benefit.jpg\" alt=\"Housing Benefit\" width=\"724\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/06\/Housing-benefit.jpg 724w, https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/06\/Housing-benefit-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-100836\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Housing benefit is being steadily incorporated into Universal Credit for those of working age.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 data-slate-node=\"element\"><strong>The migration to Universal Credit<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">Universal Credit was introduced to simplify the welfare system and to streamline the administration process for claimants. However, the rollout of Universal Credit has been much slower than anticipated. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">Having initially set a date of 2018, the Government has recently postponed the scheme&#8217;s full implementation until 2024. During this transition period, <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> is gradually being phased out; most people of <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">working age<\/span> cannot make a <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">new claim<\/span> for <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> &#8211; they must claim universal credit instead.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">People already receiving <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> will eventually also be moved to the universal credit system. Existing housing benefit claimants may also be asked to move to claiming universal credit if they have a change in circumstances. These include: having a first child, moving to another <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">council<\/span> area and separating from or moving in with a partner.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">To access Universal Credit, claimants must be 18 years or older (in some circumstances 16 or 17), under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/reference\/state-pension-age\/\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">State <\/span><\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Pension age<\/span><\/span><\/a>, living in the UK, and hold less than \u00a316,000 in <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">savings<\/span>. Where claimants live with a partner, their <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">income<\/span> and <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">savings is <\/span>taken into account.\u00a0The <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">income<\/span>, social situation and employment status of other tenants may also affect the allocated <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> allowance; for instance, if an adult is living with their parents, or carries a disability. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 data-slate-node=\"element\"><strong>Particular controversies around <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Delayed payments from the Universal Credit roll out<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span data-slate-node=\"text\">The delay in rolling out Universal Credit is expected to add more than \u00a3500 million to its overall cost. The Department for Work and Pensions commented that the delay was due to there being 900,000 more claimants than expected remaining on the schemes that Universal Credit is replacing. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">Unexpectedly high demand from claimants, coupled with lengthy administration procedures, has generated a delay of five weeks or more when receiving a first <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">payment\u00a0 <\/span>when transitioning to Universal Credit. While this is manageable for some, many claimants have been driven into <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">rent<\/span><\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"> arrears<\/span>, amassed debts of other kinds, and faced threats of eviction. Landlords have also be known to refuse potential tenants experiencing delays in <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">payment<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Evidence<\/span> gathered by the House of Commons Work and Pensions Committee in 2020 found the delay had forced some claimants to use food banks for the first time in their lives.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">In response to such concerns, the Work and Pensions Committee recommended giving vulnerable claimants advanced payments, which did not need to be repaid, if doing so would result in hardship. It also proposed that all new claimants be granted a &#8220;starter <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">payment<\/span>&#8221; equivalent to three weeks of standard allowance.\u00a0 The Committee reported that, &#8220;Our intention is that these payments should mean that people have the money they need for basic living essentials, like food and heating, during the wait.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>The Under Occupancy Debate<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span data-slate-node=\"text\">Introduced under the Welfare Reform Act 2012, the Under Occupancy Penalty, commonly referred to as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/reference\/bedroom-tax\/\">The Bedroom Tax<\/a>, adjusts a claimant&#8217;s eligible <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> depending on the number of unused or &#8216;spare&#8217; rooms in the property. The tax applies only to working-aged people renting from a <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">local authority, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/reference\/social-housing\/\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span><\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\"> association<\/span><\/span><\/a> or registered social <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">landlord<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">The reform set out to scale the eligible <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> to the number of tenants living in a rented property, and the relative size of the property. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">C<\/span><span data-slate-node=\"text\">laimants would only receive <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> for the number of rooms deemed &#8216;necessary&#8217; by the Department for Work and Pensions: &#8216;extra rooms&#8217; would not be covered by the housing benefit. Under new regulations, tenants whose property is considered over-occupied stand to lose 14% of their <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit\u00a0 <\/span>for one spare room and 25% for two or more spare rooms. Tenants are expected to either make up this deduction, for example by taking on a lodger, or to relocate to smaller accommodation. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">The driving force behind the reform was the rising <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> bill which, in 2013, stood at \u00a323 billion. The government believed that, at existing levels, taxpayers were subsidising many social-<span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing\u00a0 <\/span>tenants to live in accommodation that was larger than considered necessary. <\/span><span data-slate-node=\"text\">The reform intended to address this imbalance to allow a better correlation between the number of occupants and the number of rooms in a house or flat.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">The introduction of the Under Occupancy Penalty raised heated objection from many, arguing it placed greater financial strain on the most vulnerable members of society. <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Benefit<\/span> claimants with the lowest and most precarious incomes would be forced to make up the shortfall or downsize. This gave rise to further concern over a lack of smaller properties and the prospect of increased homelessness. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">According to figures from the Department of Work and Pensions, as of May 2019, 13% of working-age <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> recipients had experienced a reduction to their weekly <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">payment<\/span> on account of the Under Occupancy Penalty.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Benefit fraud<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span data-slate-node=\"text\">Critics also argue that despite the government&#8217;s attempts to simplify the welfare <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">support<\/span> system, fraudulent claims for the <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> element of universal credit remain prevalent. Complexity and bureaucratic inefficiency are widely acknowledged as the primary causes of premeditated fraud and error.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><b><u>Inadequate Local Housing Allowance Provision<\/u><\/b><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nLocal Housing Allowance rates determine the maximum amount of financial support that people on low incomes receive to assist with paying rent.\u00a0 Formerly part of Housing Benefit calculations, they are now part of Universal Credit calculations.<\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\">In 2011, Local Housing Allowance rates were altered so that rather than covering 50% of local rents, they were reduced to covering just the lowest 30% of local rents.<\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\">Leading housing charities argue that these changes have led to Universal Credit failing to support people to afford even the cheapest rents.<\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\">Research in 2018 by the Chartered Institute of Housing, and the charity, Crisis, has argued that under- investment in Local Housing Allowance rates has made 92% of the areas in Great Britain unaffordable to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/reference\/private-renting\/\">private renters<\/a>. It is argued that at this level of financial support, there are often considerable shortfalls between Local Housing Allowance rates and people\u2019s rents.\u00a0\u00a0These force people to find ways to cut back on essentials, or get into debt or rent arrears, in order to pay their rent.\u00a0 It is argued that these significantly increases the risk of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/reference\/homelessness\/\">homelessness<\/a> and the use of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/reference\/food-banks\/\">food banks<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\">It is further noted that a private landlord may often refuse to take on people who are on housing benefit.. However, under discrimination laws, letting agents cannot say it&#8217;s the landlord&#8217;s choice to refuse tenants on benefits.<\/p>\n<h2 data-slate-node=\"element\"><strong>The history of h<span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">ousing<\/span> b<span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">enefit<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span data-slate-node=\"text\"><u><b>Post war Britain: The origin of housing benefit<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span data-slate-node=\"text\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> has its roots in the &#8216;national assistance scheme&#8217; of 1948.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">Throughout the post-war period, successive governments&#8217; approaches to the problem of <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> for people on low incomes involved the construction of more social <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> and offering <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">support<\/span> for <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">rent<\/span> costs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>1<span data-slate-node=\"text\"><u><b>970s and 1980s: The development of <\/b><\/u><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\"><u><b>housing<\/b><\/u><\/span><u><b> <\/b><\/u><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\"><u><b>support<\/b><\/u><\/span><u><b> schemes<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span data-slate-node=\"text\">The arrangements for <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> supported were consolidated for <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">council<\/span> tenants in 1972 under the National <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Rent<\/span> Rebate Scheme, and for private and <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span><\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\"> association<\/span><\/span> tenants in 1973 under the parallel <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Rent<\/span> Allowance Scheme. Both were introduced at a time when <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">local authority<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> finance was being overhauled, with the effect that <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">council<\/span> rents rose sharply.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">These schemes did not stem the growing complexity of the system and generated different <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">payment<\/span> levels depending on the scheme in question. <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> was subsequently introduced as a replacement for the two measures under the Social Security and <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Benefit<\/span> Act 19<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">It was not until 1988, however, that <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> was in full operation, with the integration of in-work and out-of-work <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> systems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">The <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> Act 1988 produced massive upheaval for the <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> system. The Act began the deregulation of private sector rents, and removed the right to an independent assessment of &#8220;Fair Rents&#8221;. The eligibility of students aged under 25 for <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> was reduced. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>1990s: Increased expenditure on housing support<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span data-slate-node=\"text\">Market deregulation, alongside rising <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">council<\/span> and <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span><\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\"> association<\/span><\/span> rents, had led to <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> expenditure tripling from \u00a33.8 billion in 1986-1987 to \u00a312.2 billion in 1997-1998. During the same period, claimant numbers fell from 7 million to 5.5 million.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">Attempts were made through the <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> Act 1996 to bring <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> spending under control, through the introduction of &#8220;Local Reference Rents&#8221; (determinations of average market rents for dwellings of the same size in an area) and the further restriction of eligibility for under 25s. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">By the late 1990s, it was clear that <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Benefit<\/span> was in need of sweeping reform; it was costing too much, it was suffering from high levels of fraud, and it was exercising perverse incentives with regard to people moving into work.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\"> The Labour Government launched a major review in 2000 in the wake of the <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> Green Paper, &#8220;Quality and Choice: A Decent Home for All&#8221;. The key aims of the reform were to improve customer service, reduce fraud and error, improve work incentives, and explore future options to <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">support<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> policy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>2000s: Growing calls for housing benefit reform<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span data-slate-node=\"text\">In 2002 the Department for Work and Pensions published detailed proposals of future <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> in &#8220;Building Choice and Responsibility: A Radical Agenda for <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Benefit<\/span>&#8220;. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">Central to the new system was the introduction of a flat-rate <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">payment<\/span> system for private sector tenants in receipt of benefits. <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">The Department of Work and Pensions argued that this would simplify administration and make the system more comprehensible to claimants. New Local Standard <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> Allowances would also cut out the need for every case to be referred to <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Rent<\/span> Officers, reducing bureaucracy in the system and reducing the need for fresh claims when a claimant&#8217;s working situation changes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">In January 2006 the Government published a welfare reform Green Paper entitled &#8216;A New Deal for Welfare: Empowering People to Work&#8217; which included further proposals for reforming <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Benefit<\/span>, in particular rolling out an adjusted version of the <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Local <\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\"> Allowance<\/span> to the deregulated private rented sector.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">The Welfare Reform Act 2007 introduced changes to the administration of <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> with the national roll-out of <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Local <\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\"> Allowance<\/span> to the private rented sector, and a <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> sanction for people who refused to engage in rehabilitation following eviction for anti-social behaviour.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>2010s: Reform under the Coalition Government<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span data-slate-node=\"text\">In May 2010, the new Coalition Government stated that welfare reform was &#8220;very much a priority&#8221; for them and that <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> reform would be considered in the context of wider welfare reform objectives.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">In the following month&#8217;s Emergency Budget, Chancellor George Osborne stated that <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Benefit<\/span> costs had become &#8220;completely out of control&#8221; having risen from \u00a314 billion to \u00a321 billion within the last decade and that the system was &#8220;in dire need of reform&#8221;. In the spending review of October 2010, the Conservative Chancellor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/reference\/george-osborne\/\">George Osborne<\/a>, announced a further series of tightening measures in relation to the rules around <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">From April 2011 claimants were only able to claim a <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">rent<\/span> based on the 30th percentile of <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">rent<\/span> in their area (previously 50th percentile). The age at which most single people could claim for a self-contained one bedroom flat (rather than the shared room rate) was increased to 35 years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">The 2012 Welfare Reform Act outlined plans to incorporate <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Benefit<\/span> within Universal Credit for those of <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">working age<\/span>, a process which was still ongoing at the start of the 2020s. The government also introduced its so called &#8216;Bedroom Tax&#8217; to deal with the perceived issue of under occupancy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 data-slate-node=\"element\"><b>Statistics<\/b><\/h2>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">As of February 2019, there were 20 million people claiming benefits of some sort. Two-thirds of <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> claimants were of <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">State <\/span><\/span><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 iOyhdl highlight--variant\"><span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Pension age<\/span><\/span> (13 million).<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">The gradual rollout of Universal Credit means that the number of people claiming some of the older-style <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">Working Age<\/span> benefits is reducing. By May 2019, the numbers making a h<span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">ousing<\/span> b<span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">enefit claim<\/span> had reduced to 3.6 million, while 1.1 million households were receiving the <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> element of Universal Credit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">73% of HB recipients (2.6 million) were tenants in the Social Rented Sector and 27% were in the Private Rented Sector (970,000).<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\"><span data-slate-node=\"text\">As of May 2019, 13% (320,000) of working-age <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">housing<\/span> <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">benefit<\/span> recipients had experienced a reduction to their weekly <span class=\"getHighlights__Term-sc-1s71y2o-0 bOHVYF highlight--related-topic\">payment<\/span> on account of the Under Occupancy Penalty. The average reduction amount was \u00a315.41.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-slate-node=\"element\" data-slate-fragment=\"%5B%7B%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22bold%22%3Atrue%2C%22underline%22%3Atrue%2C%22text%22%3A%22What%20is%20Housing%20Benefit%3F%22%7D%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22paragraph%22%7D%2C%7B%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22Housing%20benefit%20is%20a%20social%20security%20welfare%20scheme%20established%20to%20help%20people%20pay%20their%20rent.%20It%20is%20sometimes%20referred%20to%20as%20Rent%20Allowance%20or%20Rent%20Rebate.%C2%A0The%20scheme%20is%20only%20open%20to%20people%20living%20in%20rented%20accommodation%2C%20including%20council%20and%20social%20housing%2C%20and%20those%20on%20low%20incomes.%20%22%7D%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22paragraph%22%7D%2C%7B%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22As%20of%202013%2C%20housing%20benefit%20has%20been%20administered%20under%20the%20umbrella%20of%20Universal%20Credit.%20Announced%20by%20the%20Coalition%20Government%20in%202010%2C%20Universal%20Credit%20was%20designed%20to%20simplify%20and%20combine%20six%20different%20benefits%20for%20working-aged%20people%20with%20low%20household%20incomes%3A%20income-based%20Employment%20and%20Support%20Allowance%2C%20income-based%20Jobseeker's%20Allowance%2C%20Income%20Support%2C%20Child%20Tax%20Credit%2C%20Working%20Tax%20Credit%2C%20and%20Housing%20Benefit.%20%22%7D%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22paragraph%22%7D%2C%7B%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22Under%20the%20new%20Universal%20Credit%20allowance%2C%20an%20appropriate%20amount%20of%20benefit%20is%20allocated%20to%20help%20meet%20the%20costs%20of%20household%20rent%20or%20mortgage%20interest.%20Payments%20are%20made%20once%20a%20month%20into%20the%20claimant's%20bank%20or%20building%20society%20account.%20Under%20some%20circumstances%20(such%20as%20rent%20arrears)%20the%20claimant%20or%20landlord%20may%20apply%20for%20an%20Alternative%20Payment%20Arrangement%20(APA)%2C%20which%20allows%20the%20housing%20benefit%20component%20to%20be%20paid%20directly%20to%20the%20landlord.%20%22%7D%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22paragraph%22%7D%2C%7B%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22People%20can%20now%20only%20make%20a%20new%20claim%20for%20Housing%20Benefit%20if%20they%20have%20reached%20state%20pension%20age%2C%20are%20receiving%20a%20severe%20disability%20premium%2C%20or%20are%20in%20supported%2C%20sheltered%20or%20temporary%20accommodation%20(for%20example%20a%20bed%20and%20breakfast%2C%20or%20a%20refuge).%22%7D%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22paragraph%22%7D%2C%7B%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22bold%22%3Atrue%2C%22underline%22%3Atrue%2C%22text%22%3A%22The%20migration%20to%20Universal%20Credit%22%7D%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22paragraph%22%7D%2C%7B%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22Universal%20Credit%20was%20introduced%20to%20simplify%20the%20welfare%20system%20and%20to%20streamline%20the%20administration%20process%20for%20claimants.%20However%2C%20the%20rollout%20of%20Universal%20Credit%20has%20been%20much%20slower%20than%20anticipated.%20%22%7D%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22paragraph%22%7D%2C%7B%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22Having%20initially%20set%20a%20date%20of%202018%2C%20the%20Government%20has%20recently%20postponed%20the%20scheme's%20full%20implementation%20until%202024.%20During%20this%20transition%20period%2C%20housing%20benefit%20is%20gradually%20being%20phased%20out%3B%20most%20people%20of%20working%20age%20cannot%20make%20a%20new%20claim%20for%20housing%20benefit%20-they%20must%20claim%20universal%20credit%20instead.%22%7D%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22paragraph%22%7D%2C%7B%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22People%20already%20receiving%20housing%20benefit%20will%20eventually%20be%20asked%20to%20claim%20universal%20credit%20instead.%20They%20may%20also%20have%20to%20claim%20universal%20credit%20if%20they%20have%20a%20change%20in%20circumstances.%20These%20include%3A%20having%20a%20first%20child%2C%20moving%20to%20another%20council%20area%20and%20separating%20from%20or%20moving%20in%20with%20a%20partner.%22%7D%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22paragraph%22%7D%2C%7B%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22To%20access%20Universal%20Credit%2C%20claimants%20must%20be%2018%20years%20or%20older%20(in%20some%20circumstances%2016%20or%2017)%2C%20under%20State%20Pension%20age%2C%20living%20in%20the%20UK%2C%20and%20holding%20less%20than%20%C2%A316%2C000%20in%20savings.%20Where%20claimants%20live%20with%20a%20partner%2Ctheir%20income%20and%20savings%20will%20be%20taken%20into%20account.%C2%A0The%20income%2C%20social%20situation%20and%20employment%20status%20of%20other%20tenants%20may%20also%20affect%20the%20allocated%20housing%20benefit%20allowance%3B%20for%20instance%2C%20if%20an%20adult%20is%20living%20with%20their%20parents%2C%20or%20carries%20a%20disability.%20%22%7D%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22paragraph%22%7D%2C%7B%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22bold%22%3Atrue%2C%22underline%22%3Atrue%2C%22text%22%3A%22Controversies%20around%20housing%20benefit%22%7D%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22paragraph%22%7D%2C%7B%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22bold%22%3Atrue%2C%22underline%22%3Atrue%2C%22text%22%3A%22High%20demand%20and%20delayed%20payments%22%7D%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%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data-slate-node=\"text\">[Source &#8211; Gov.uk &#8211; DWP Benefits Statistics, 2019].<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An overview of Housing Benefit, its history, changes in light of the introduction of Universal Credit, and the various debates and controversies involving the provision of housing benefits.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":100836,"parent":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[700,1668],"letter":[5613],"class_list":["post-97717","reference_term","type-reference_term","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-bedroom-tax","tag-housing-benefit","letter-h","type-housing-and-welfare","type-issue-brief"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What Is Housing Benefit - Why Is It Controversial?<\/title>\n<meta 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